Inputs and outputs in an ecological system
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Acacia saligna - Blue-leaved wattle
Acacia spp. - Acacia
Acer spp. - Maple
Achillea millefolium - Yarrow
Acorn
Actinidia arguta - Hardy kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosa - Kiwifruit
Actinidia kolomikta - Hardy kiwifruit
Actinidia spp. - Kiwi
Agave americana - Century plant
Agrostis spp. - Bentgrass
Ailanthus altissima - Tree of heaven
Air purification
Ajuga reptans - Bugle
Albizia julibrissin - Mimosa
Allantoin
Allelopathy
Allium ampeloprasum - Wild leek
Allium sativum - Garlic
Allium schoenoprasum - Chives
Allium spp. - Alliums
Allium tricoccum - Ramps
Allium tuberosum - Garlic chives
Almond
Alnus glutinosa - European alder
Alnus spp. - Alder
Amalanchier alnifolia - Serviceberry
Amalanchier spp. - Serviceberry
Amaranthus retroflexus - Red root Pigweed
Amelanchier ovalis - Snowy mespilus
Ammi majus - Toothpick ammi
Amorpha fruticosa - False indigo
Amphicarpeae bracteata - Hog peanut
Anagallis arvensis - Scarlet Pimpernel
Anethum graveolens - Dill
Angelica gigas - Angelica
Annual
Anthemis arvensis - Corn Chamomile
Anthemis tinctoria - Golden marguerite
Apios americana - Groundnut
Apios spp. - Groundnut
Apple
Apricot
Arachis hypogaea - Peanut
Arbutus unedo - Strawberry tree
Arctium minus - Burdock
Arctostaphyllos manzanita - Manzanita
Arctostaphyllos spp. - Manzanita
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Bearberry
Armoracia rusticana - Horseradish
Aronia melanocarpa - Chokeberry
Artemisia absinthium - Wormwood
Artemisia arborescens - Tree wormwood
Arundo donax - Giant reed
Asarum canadense - Wild ginger
Ash
Asimina triloba - Pawpaw
Asparagus acutifolius - Wild asparagus
Asparagus officinalis - Asparagus
Asphodelus aestivus - Asphodel
Astilbe spp. - Meadow sweet
Astragalus spp. - Milkvetch
Atriplex halimus - Mediterranean saltbush
Atriplex hastata - Fat hen
Attracting bees
Attracting beneficial insects
Avena sativa - Oat
Azolla filiculoides - Pacific Mosquitofern
Baccharis pilularis - Coyote brush
Ballota nigra - Black horehound
Baptisia australis - Blue false indigo
Barberry
Bark
Barrier
Bean
Bee food
Bee shelter
Bees
Beeswax
Berberis spp. - Barberry
Berberis thunbergii - Japanese barberry
Berry
Beta vulgaris - Swiss chard
Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima - Sea beet
Betula spp. - Birch
Biennial
Biodiversity
Biomass
Bird
Bird house
Bird nesting space
Bituminaria bituminosa - Pitch trefoil
Borago officinalis - Borage
Branches
Brassica napus - Rapeseed
Brassica spp. - Brassicas
Bunium bulbocastanum - Earth chestnut
Bupleurum fruticosum - Shrubby hare's ear
Buxus sempervirens - Common box
Caenothus spp. - Wild lilac
Calamintha nepeta - Lesser calamint
Calcium
Calcium accumulator
Calcium carbonate
Camassia quamash - Camas
Campanula poscharskyana - Trailing bellflower
Canavanine
Candle
Canola oil
Capparis spinosa - Caper
Capsella bursa-pastoris - Shepherd's purse
Caragana arborescens - Siberian pea shrub
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon storage
Carduus nutans - Nodding thistle
Carotene
Carum carvi - Caraway
Carya illinoinensis - Pecan
Carya laciniosa - Shellbark hickory
Carya ovata - Shagbark hickory
Carya spp. - Hickory
Castanea dentata - American chestnut
Castanea mollissima - Chinese chestnut
Castanea pumila - Chinkapin
Castanea sativa - Sweet chestnut
Castanea spp. - Chestnut
Cat food
Celtis australis - European nettle tree
Celtis conferta subsp. amblyphylla - Cottonwood
Celtis occidentalis - Hackberry
Celtis spp. - Hackberry
Ceratonia siliqua - Carob
Cercis siliquastrum - Judas tree
Cercocarpus montanus - Mountain mahogany
Chamaemelum nobile - Roman chamomile
Chamaerops humilis - European fan palm
Chamomilla recutita - German Chamomile
Charcoal
Chenopodium album - Lamb's quarters
Chenopodium quinoa - Quinoa
Chenopodium spp. - Goosefoot
Chicken
Chicken manure
Cicer arietinum - Chickpea
Cichorium intybus - Chicory
Cirsium arvense - Canada thistle
Cistus albidus - Grey-leaved cistus
Cistus creticus - Cretan rockrose
Cistus ladanifer - Rockrose
Cistus salviifolius - Sage-leaved cistus
Citrus limon - Lemon
Citrus sinensis - Orange
Clematis flammula - Fragrant virgin's bower
Clematis spp. - Clematis
Clethra alnifolia - Summersweet clethra
Clitoria mariana - Butterfly pea
Clock
Cloud
Cobalt
Cobalt accumulator
Colutea arborescens - Bladder senna
Comptonia peregrina - Sweetfern
Condensation
Cooling
Copper
Copper accumulator
Coriandrum sativum - Coriander
Cornus florida - Flowering Dogwood
Cornus mas - Cornelian cherry dogwood
Cornus spp. - Dogwood
Coronilla emerus - Scorpion senna
Corylus avellana - Common hazel
Corylus spp. - Hazel
Cotinus coggygria - Smoke tree
Crambe maritima - Sea kale
Crataegus aestivalis - Mayhaw
Crataegus azarolus - Azarole
Crataegus douglasii - Black hawthorn
Crataegus opaca - Mayhaw
Crataegus spp. - Hawthorn
Crithmum maritimum - Rock samphire
Crocus sativus - Saffron crocus
Crotolaria juncea - Sunn hemp
Cucumber
Cucumis melo - Melon
Cucumis sativus - Cucumber
Cucumis spp. - Cucumbers and Melons
Cucurbita spp. - Squash
Cuminum cyminum - Cumin
Cupressus sempervirens - Italian cypress
Cydonia oblonga - Quince
Cynara cardunculus - Cardoon
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus - Globe artichoke
Cytisus spp. - Broom
Daphne gnidium - Flax-leaved daphne
Daucus carota - Queen Anne's lace
Deciduous
Deep mulch
Deer forage
Deer repellent
Desmodium spp. - Trefoil
Dioscorea batatas - Chinese mountain yam
Diospyros kaki - Asian persimmon
Diospyros virginiana - American persimmon
Diospyrus spp. - Persimmon
Diplotaxis tenuifolia - Perennial wall rocket
Dog food
Drought-tolerance
Duck
Dust collection
Dye
Echium vulgare - Viper's bugloss
Edible chestnut
Egg
Eggshell
Elaeagnus × submacrophylla - Elaeagnus
Elaeagnus angustifolia - Russian olive
Elaeagnus commutata - Silverberry
Elaeagnus multiflora - Goumi
Elaeagnus umbellata - Autumn olive
Ephedra fragilis - Joint pine
Equisetum spp. - Horsetails
Erica arborea - Tree heath
Eriobotrya japonica - Loquat
Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa - Rocket
Eryngium maritimum - Sea holly
Europe
Evergreen
Fagopyrum dibotrys - Perennial buckwheat
Fagopyrum esculentums - Buckwheat
Fagopyrum spp. - Buckwheat
Fagus grandiflora - Beech
Fagus sylvatica - Beech
Fargesia spp. - Bamboo
Feather
Feijoa fruit
Feijoa sellowiana - Pineapple guava
Fennel seed
Fern
Fertilizer
Festuca rubra - Red fescue
Fibre
Ficus carica - Fig
Fig
Fire
Firebreak
Fish habitat
Flaxseed
Flaxseed oil
Fodder
Foeniculum vulgare - Fennel
Folate - VitaminB9
Foriestiera spp. - Privet
Fragaria spp. - Strawberry
Fraxinus ornus - Manna ash
Fraxinus spp. - Ash
Fruit
Fuel
Full shade
Full sun
Gaia's Garden - A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture, 2nd Edition
Gallium aparine - Cleavers
Garlic cloves
Gaultheria shallon - Salal
Genista spp. - Genista
Genista tinctoria - Dyer's greenweed
Gleditsia triacanthos - Honey Locust
Glucose
Glycyrrhiza spp. - Licorice
Grapes
Green manure
Ground cover
Gymnocladus dioica - Kentucky coffee tree
Hail
Hair
Hamamelis virginiana - Witch hazel
Hardiness zone 2
Hardiness zone 3
Hardiness zone 4
Hardiness zone 5
Hardiness zone 6
Hardiness zone 7
Hardiness zone 8
Hardiness zone 9
Hardiness zone 10
Hardiness zone 11
Hardiness zone 12
Hay
Hazelnut
Heat
Heat insulation
Heat regulation
Heating
Hedge
Hedysarum boreale - Sweet vetch
Hedysarum coronarium - Sulla
Helianthus annuus - Sunflower
Helianthus tuberosus - Jerusalem artichoke
Helichrysum italicum - Curry plant
Herb
Hippophae rhamnoides - Sea buckthorn
Honey
Hordeum vulgare - Barley
House
Hugelkultur
Human
Human effort
Human food
Humanure
Humulus lupulus - Hops
Hydraulic redistribution
Hypericum perforatum - St John's Wort
Hyssopus officinalis - Hyssop
Ilex aquifolium - Common holly
Ilex spp. - Holly
Infrared light
Insect repellent
Insect shelter
Iron
Iron accumulator
Jasminum spp. - Jasmine
Juglans ailantifolia cordiformis - Heartnut
Juglans cinerea - Butternut
Juglans nigra - Black walnut
Juglans spp. - Walnut
Juglans x bisbyi - Buartnut
Juglone
Juniperus communis - Common juniper
Juniperus oxycedrus - Prickly juniper
Juniperus phoenicea - Phoenician juniper
Juniperus virginiana - Eastern red cedar
Kitchen scraps
Laburnum anagyroides - Golden-chain tree
Lake
Larrea tridentata - Creosote bush
Lathyrus spp. - Sweet pea
Laurus nobilis - Bay laurel
Lavandula angustifolia - Lavender
Lavandula latifolia - Spike lavender
Lavandula stoechas - French lavender
Leaves
Lemna minor - Duckweed
Lens culinaris - Lentil
Lespedeza thunbergii - Bush clover
Levisticum officinale - Lovage
Light at night
Linaria vulgaris - Toadflax
Linum usitatissimum - Flax
Liriodendron tulipfera - Tulip tree
Livestock forage
Lomatium spp. - Biscuit root
Lonicera caerula var. edulis - Honeysuckle
Lonicera maackii - Amur honeysuckle
Lonicera spp. - Honeysuckle
Loquat
Lotus corniculatus - Bird's foot trefoil
Lupinus spp. - Lupine
Lycium spp. - Wolfberry
Lye
Maackia amurensis - Amur Maackia
Maclura pomifera - Osage orange
Magnesium
Magnesium accumulator
Malus pumila - Apple
Malus spp. - Apple
Malus sylvestris - European crab apple
Malva sylvestris - Mallow
Manganese
Manganese accumulator
Manure
Maple syrup
Marrubium vulgare - White horehound
Meat
Medicago arborea - Moon trefoil
Medicago lupulina - Clover
Medicago sativa - Alfalfa
Medicago spp. - Alfalfa
Medicago truncatula - Barrel medic
Medicinal use
Mediterranean
Melissa officinalis - Lemon balm
Mentha piperita - Peppermint
Mentha spp. - Mint
Mespilus germanica - Medlar
Mice repellent
Minerals
Moist soil
Montia spp. - Miner's lettuce
Moon
Morus alba - White mulberry
Morus nigra - Black mulberry
Morus spp. - Mulberry
Mulch
Muscari comosum - Tassel hyacinth
Myrica cerifrea - Wax Myrtle
Myrica gale - Sweet gale
Myrica pensylvanica - Bayberry
Myrica spp. - Bayberry
Myrtus communis - Myrtle
Narcissus poeticus - Daffodil
Nasturtium officinale - Watercress
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees
Navarretia squanosa - Skunk cabbage
Nectar
Nematode repellent
Nerium oleander - Oleander
Niacin - Vitamin B3
Nicotiana spp. - Tobacco
Nicotine
Nigella sativa - Black cumin
Nitrogen
Nitrogen accumulator
Nitrogen fixer
Nut
Nutrient accumulator
Nutrient transport
Ocean
Oenothera biennis - Primrose
Olea europaea - Olive
Olive oil
Onobrychis viciifolia - Sainfoin
Ononis spinosa - Spiny restharrow
Opuntia ficus-indica - Prickly pear
Origanum dictamnus - Dittany of Crete
Origanum majorana - Sweet marjoram
Origanum onites - Pot marjoram
Origanum vulgare - Oregano
Oxalis tuberosa - Oca
Oxygen
Palmaria palmata - Dulse
Panicum miliaceum - Millet
Pantothenic acid - VitaminB5
Passiflora spp. - Passionfruit
Pawpaw fruit
Peach
Peanut
Pear
Pelargonium spp. - Scented Geranium
Perching bird
Perching space
Perennial
Persimmon
Petroselinum crispum - Parsley
pH regulation
Phaseolus coccineus - Scarlet runner bean
Phaseolus spp. - Bean
Phellodendron amurense - Amur cork tree
Phillyrea latifolia - Mock privet
Phlomis fruticosa - Jerusalem sage
Phlox spp. - Phlox
Phlox stolonifera - Creephing phlox
Phlox subulata - Thrift
Phoenix dactylifera - Date palm
Phosphate
Phosphorus
Phosphorus accumulator
Photosynthesis
Phyllostachys spp. - Bamboo
Phytoestrogens
Picea spp. - Spruce
Pimpinella anisum - Aniseed
Pinus edulis - Piñon pine
Pinus halepensis - Aleppo pine
Pinus nigra - Black pine
Pinus pinea - Stone pine
Pinus spp. - Pine
Pistachio
Pistacia atlantica - Mt. Atlas mastic tree
Pistacia lentiscus - Lentisk
Pistacia spp. - Pistachio
Pistacia terebinthus - Terebinth
Pistacia vera - Pistachio
Pisum sativum - Pea
Plant
Plantago spp. - Plantain
Pollination
Polypodium glycyrrhiza - Licorice fern
Pond
Poop
Poop beast
Populus spp. - Poplar
Portulaca oleracea - Purslane
Potassium
Potassium accumulator
Potassium hydroxide
Potato
Potentilla anserina - Silverweed
Potentilla fruticosa - Cinquefoil
Potentilla spp. - Cinquefoil
Poterium sanguisorba - Salad burnet
Poultry
Poultry forage
Prosopis glandulosa - Mesquite
Prosopis spp. - Mesquite
Protein
Pruning
Prunus armenciaca - Apricot
Prunus armeniaca - Apricot
Prunus avium - Cherry
Prunus besseyi - Hansen's bush cherry
Prunus cerasus - Cherry
Prunus domestica - Plum
Prunus dulcis - Almond
Prunus insititia - Damson
Prunus mahaleb - Mahaleb cherry
Prunus persica - Peach
Prunus spinosa - Blackthorn
Prunus spp.
Prunus tomentosa - Nanking cherry
Pseudotsuga menziesii - Douglas fir
Psoralea esculenta - Breadroot
Psoralea spp. - Fountainbush
Pteridium aquifolium - Eastern Bracken
Punica granatum - Pomegranate
Punica spp. - Pomegranate
Pyrus communis - Pear tree
Pyrus pyrifolia - Asian pear
Pyrus spp. - Pear
Quercus coccifera - Kermes oak
Quercus garryana - White oak
Quercus ilex - Holm oak
Quercus macrocarpa - Bur oak
Quercus pubescens - Downy oak
Quercus spp. - Oaks
Quercus suber - Cork oak
Rabbit repellent
Rain collection
README
Retama monosperma - White broom
Rhamnus alaternus - Italian buckthorn
Rhamnus californica - California coffeeberry
Rhamnus caroliniana - Indian Cherry
Rhamnus lycioides - Mediterranean buckthorn
Rhamnus spp. - Buckthorn
Rhus coriaria - Sicilian sumac
Rhus glabra - Smooth sumac
Rhus spp. - Sumac
Rhus typhina - Staghorn sumac
Ribes cereum - Wax currant
Ribes hirtellum - Gooseberry
Ribes nigrum - Black currant
Ribes rubrum - Red currant
Ribes spp. - Currant
Ribes uva-crispa - Gooseberry
Ribes x Rubus - Jostaberry
Riboflavin - VitaminB2
River
Robinia pseudoacacia - Black Locust
Rock
Rocket stove
Roof
Rosa canina - Dog rose
Rosa rugosa - Rugose rose
Rosa spp. - Rose
Rose hip
Rosmarinus officinalis - Rosemary
Rubia peregrina - Wild madder
Rubus discolor - Himalayan blackberry
Rubus idaeus - Red raspberry
Rubus nepalensis - Napalese raspberry
Rubus occidentalis - Black raspberry
Rubus spp. - Blackberry
Rubus ulmifolius - Elm-leaved bramble
Rumex acetosella - Sheep sorrel
Rumex obtusifolia - Broad leaved Dock
Rumex spp. - Dock
Ruscus aculeatus - Butcher's broom
Ruta graveolens - Rue
Salix spp. - Willow
Salsola pestifer - Russian thistle
Salvia fruticosa - Greek sage
Salvia lavandulifolia - Spanish sage
Salvia officinalis - Common sage
Salvia sclarea - Clary sage
Salvia spp. - Sage
Sambucus caerculea - Blue elderberry
Sambucus ebulus - Dwarf elder
Sambucus nigra - Black elderberry
Sambucus spp. - Elderberry
Santolina chamaecyparissus - Cotton lavender
Santolina rosmarinifolia - Holy flax
Satureja hortensis - Summer savory
Satureja montana - Winter savory
Satureja spp. - Savory
Schisandra chinensis - Magnolia vine
Scolymus hispanicus - Spanish oyster plant
Sea
Secale cereale - Rye
Sedum spp. - Stonecrop
Semi-shade
Seneciu vulgaris - Groundsel
Sesbania exaltata - Sesbania
Shade
Shelter
Shepherdia argentea - Buffaloberry
Shepherdia spp. - Buffaloberry
Shrub
Sideritis syriaca - Greek mountain tea
Silene vulgaris - Bladder campion
Silicon
Silicon accumulator
Silybum marianum - Milk thistle
Skin cells
Slug
Smilax aspera - Sarsaparilla
Snow
Sodium hydroxide
Soil
Soil aeration
Soil building
Soil scratching
Soil stabilization
Soil tilling
Solanaceae spp. - Nightshade
Solanum tuberosum - Potato
Sonchus arvensis - Sow thistle
Sorbus aria - Whitebeam
Sorbus domestica - Service tree
Sorbus spp. - Mountain ash
Sorbus torminalis - Wild service tree
Spartium junceum - Spanish broom
Stacking functions in a permaculture system
Stars
Stellaria media - Chickweed
Storage
Strawberry
Strophistyles umbellata - Wild Bean
Stylosanthes biflora - Pencil flower
Styrax officinalis - Storax
Sulfur
Sulfur accumulator
Sun
Sunflower oil
Sunflower seed
Swale
Symphytum officinale - Comfrey
Tagetes minuta - Mexican marigold
Tagetes spp. - Marigold
Tamarix gallica - Tamarisk
Tanacetum vulgare - Tansy
Taraxacum officinale - Dandelion
Taraxacum spp. - Dandelion
Teucrium chamaedrys - Wall germander
Teucrium polium - Golden germander
Thermal mass
Thermopsis villosa - Carolina bush pea
Thiamine - VitaminB1
Thlaspi caerulescens - Alpine Pennycress
Thread
Thymbra capitata - Conehead thyme
Thymus capitatus - Conehead thyme
Thymus mastichina - Mastic thyme
Thymus praecox - Creeping thyme
Thymus vulgaris - Thyme
Thymus zygis - Spanish thyme
Tide
Tipuana Tipu - Tipa
Tobacco
Tragopogon porrifolius - Salsify
Tree
Trifolium spp. - Clover
Trigonella foenum-graecum - Fenugreek
Tritium aestivum - Wheat
Tropaeolum majus - Nasturtium
Tropaeolum spp. - Nasturtium
Tropaeolum tuberosum - Mashua
Tussilago farfara - Coltsfoot
Typha angustifolia - Cattail
Typha latifolia - Cattail
Typha spp. - Cattail
Ulmus spp. - Elm
Understanding of inputs and outputs within ecological design elements
Urine
Urtica urens - Stinging nettle
USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map
UV-light
Vaccinium macrocarpon - Cranberry
Vaccinium spp. - Blueberry
Vaccinium vitis-idaea - Lingonberry
Valeriana officinalis - Valerian
Vegetable oil
Verbascum spp. - Common Mullein
Verbascum thapsus - Great mullein
Verbena peruviana - Peruvian mock vervain
Verbena spp. - Verbena
Verbena tenera - South American mock vervain
Viburnum lantana - Wayfaring tree
Viburnum opulus - European cranberry
Viburnum tinus - Laurustinus
Viburnum trilobum - American cranberry
Vicia ervilia - Bitter vetch
Vicia faba - Fava bean
Vicia spp. - Vetch
Vicia villosa - Hairy vetch
Vigna unguiculata - Cowpea
Vine
Viola adorata - Sweet violet
Visible light
VitaminA
VitaminB
VitaminB6
VitaminC
VitaminD
VitaminE
VitaminK
Vitex agnus-castus - Chaste tree
Vitis spp. - Grape
Vitis vinifera - Grape
Water
Water purification
Water retention
Water vapor
Waterproofing
Wax
Weed suppression
Well drained soil
Wet soil
What is ecology
Wildlife habitat
Willow feeder
Wind reduction
Windbreak
Winter fruits for birds
Wisteria spp. - Wisteria
Withania somnifera - Ashwagandha
Wood
Wood stove
Xanthocera sorbifolium - Yellowhorn
Zea mays - Corn
Zinc
Zinc accumulator
Zingiber mioga - Hardy ginger
Ziziphus jujuba - Jujube
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Europe
Europe
Sep 01, 2026
1 min read
Europe
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Allium ampeloprasum - Wild leek
Alnus glutinosa - European alder
Amelanchier ovalis - Snowy mespilus
Artemisia absinthium - Wormwood
Ballota nigra - Black horehound
Buxus sempervirens - Common box
Carum carvi - Caraway
Chamaemelum nobile - Roman chamomile
Corylus avellana - Common hazel
Echium vulgare - Viper's bugloss
Eryngium maritimum - Sea holly
Fraxinus ornus - Manna ash
Genista tinctoria - Dyer's greenweed
Ilex aquifolium - Common holly
Marrubium vulgare - White horehound
Ononis spinosa - Spiny restharrow
Pear
Pinus nigra - Black pine
Prunus insititia - Damson
Prunus mahaleb - Mahaleb cherry
Pyrus communis - Pear tree
Quercus pubescens - Downy oak
Sambucus ebulus - Dwarf elder
Silene vulgaris - Bladder campion
Sorbus aria - Whitebeam
Sorbus domestica - Service tree
Sorbus torminalis - Wild service tree
Typha latifolia - Cattail
Typha spp. - Cattail
Verbascum thapsus - Great mullein
Viburnum lantana - Wayfaring tree